Brain Aneurysms: A brain aneurysm is a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel in the brain. It occurs when a weak spot in the blood vessel wall allows the vessel to expand abnormally. If the aneurysm ruptures, it can lead to a hemorrhagic stroke, which is a life-threatening condition. Symptoms of a brain aneurysm may include a sudden, severe headache, nausea, vision impairment, and loss of consciousness. Small, unruptured aneurysms may not cause symptoms and are often discovered incidentally during imaging tests. Treatment options vary depending on the size and location of the aneurysm and may include surgical clipping or endovascular coiling to prevent rupture.

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs): An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of abnormal blood vessels connecting arteries and veins in the brain. This condition disrupts the normal flow of blood, bypassing the capillary system, which can lead to significant complications. AVMs are typically congenital, meaning they are present at birth, but their cause is not well understood. Symptoms may include headaches, seizures, and neurological deficits such as weakness or speech difficulties. The primary risk associated with AVMs is the potential for bleeding, which can cause a hemorrhagic stroke. Treatment options include surgery, endovascular therapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the AVM's size, location, and the patient’s overall health.

Both brain aneurysms and AVMs are serious medical conditions that require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent severe complications. Regular monitoring and imaging are often necessary for individuals diagnosed with either condition to manage risks effectively.